11/09/2026
BEFORE YOU INVEST… UNDERSTAND WHAT AN IPO IS
You’ve seen the headlines. You may have heard people talking about buying shares. You may even be wondering whether you should participate.
But before you put your money into an IPO, there is one question you need to answer:
What exactly am I buying?
Let's make it simple.
Imagine you own a very large business.
The business is growing, but you need a lot more money to expand.
Instead of borrowing all that money from a bank, you decide:
"Why don't I invite the public to become part-owners of this business?"
You divide the company into millions or billions of small pieces called shares.
Then you offer some of those shares to people willing to invest.
That's the basic idea behind an IPO — Initial Public Offering.
In simple English:
An IPO is when a company offers its shares to the public for the first time so that members of the public can become shareholders.
So, let’s use the current Dangote Refinery IPO, which opens for public subscription on September 14, 2026
The current offer is for 4.1 billion shares at ₦525 each, potentially raising about ₦2.15 trillion. The official offer page currently states a minimum of 10 shares, costing ₦5,250.
So, theoretically, someone doesn't need millions of naira to participate.
With ₦5,250, an eligible investor can apply for the minimum 10 shares.
And you don’t have to be an expert finance professional to be eligible to buy. Whether you are a teacher, a contractor, a student or a trader, you can participate too.
And that's the foundation of understanding an IPO.
WHAT ARE THE REQUIREMENTS BEFORE I CAN QUALIFY TO BUY SHARES?
An ordinary retail investor can buy shares in an IPO by meeting a few essential regulatory, account, and financial requirements.
Don’t worry. They are not difficult things. They include:
1. You must apply through a stockbroker or financial platform registered with the capital market regulator (such as the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC Nigeria) and the Nigerian Exchange Group (NGX)). Many regulated digital investment apps (like Bamboo or i-invest) now allow you to set up your profile directly from your mobile phone.
2. You have to submit your KYC information, like a valid government-issued ID – NIN, Voter’s Card etc. Bank Verification Number (BVN), proof of address and a passport photograph
3. A CSCS (Central Securities Clearing System) account, because your shares are stored electronically. When you register with a licensed stockbroker or a digital trading platform, they automatically open a CSCS account and assign you a Clearing House Number (CHN) on your behalf.
4. You must have sufficient funds/capital deposited into your brokerage account before the public offer subscription window closes.
5. Read the prospectus! While not a technical barrier to clicking "buy," reading the company's official Prospectus (which details their financial history, asset base, and associated business risks) is a vital regulatory and practical step before committing your funds
SO WHAT DO I ACTUALLY OWN WHEN I BUY SHARES?
Great question.
Let's say you apply for 10 shares sold at ₦525 each.
Your investment would be:
10 × ₦525 = ₦5,250
If your application is successfully allotted, you become a shareholder.
But don't misunderstand what that means.
You don't suddenly get:
❌ A piece of the company’s equipment.
❌ A furniture
❌ Or other company asset
You own a financial interest in the company represented by your shares.
When the company grows and the market values the shares more highly, your investment can increase in value.
If the market values the shares lower, your investment can fall.
And if the company declares dividends in the future, shareholders may receive dividends according to the company's dividend policy.
But none of these returns is guaranteed.
That's an important lesson for every new investor.
CAN BUYING AN IPO MAKE YOU MONEY?
It can.
But here's where we need to be careful.
An IPO is not:
"Buy today and become rich tomorrow."
Share prices can rise.
They can also fall.
And history from Nigeria gives us some excellent examples.
CASE STUDY 1: SEPLAT
In 2014, Seplat Petroleum Development Company conducted its IPO at ₦576 per share on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. The IPO also listed the company in London.
Fast-forward to September 7, 2026.
Seplat Energy's NGX share price was around ₦13,552.60.
That means the market price was roughly 23.5 times its 2014 IPO price.
In very simple terms:
₦1 million invested at the ₦576 IPO price would correspond to shares worth roughly ₦23.5 million at that later share price — before considering dividends, taxes, fees and the effects of corporate actions.
That's a powerful illustration of what long-term equity ownership can look like.
CASE STUDY 2: AIRTEL AFRICA
Let's look at another interesting Nigerian-market example.
Airtel Africa's IPO was priced at ₦363 per share for the Nigerian offer in 2019.
On its first day of trading in Lagos, the share initially jumped 10% to ₦399.30.
But here's the lesson:
It didn't simply go up from there.
Within its first week, the share had fallen to ₦323.50, below its ₦363 offer price.
Fast-forward to September 2026 and AIRTELAFRI was trading around ₦6,300 on the NGX.
That's roughly 17 times its original ₦363 offer price, excluding dividends and other considerations.
What's the lesson?
An IPO can perform well over the long term even if the share price struggles immediately after listing.
That's why investors shouldn't judge an investment simply by asking:
"Did the price go up on the first day?"
Sometimes the bigger story takes years to unfold.
BUT HERE'S SOMETHING VERY IMPORTANT...
Not every company that goes public becomes a success story.
Nobody can guarantee that.
And this is where responsible investing begins.
The share price after listing will depend on things such as:
• Company earnings
• Production and capacity utilization
• Product or Service demand.
• Prices of raw materials
• Foreign exchange conditions
• Operating costs
• Government policies
• Competition
• Investor sentiment
• Nigeria's broader economy
• Global economic conditions
The company can perform well, and the share price can still experience periods of decline.
That's how the stock market works.
BEFORE YOU BUY ANY IPO...
Before you put your money into an IPO, ask yourself:
1. What exactly am I buying?
2. Why is the company raising money?
3. What will the company do with the money?
4. How does the company make money?
5. What could make the business fail?
6. What are the major risks?
7. Can I afford to hold the investment for several years?
And most importantly:
DON'T INVEST BECAUSE OF A HEADLINE OR A HYPE.
Read the official prospectus.
Understand the offer.
Understand the company.
Understand the risks.
Then make your own informed decision.
An IPO isn't simply an opportunity to "buy shares."
It is an opportunity to become a part-owner of a business.
And just like owning a business, there can be rewards, challenges, profits and losses.
Learn first.
Understand the opportunity.
Understand the risk.
Then invest wisely.