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19/07/2022

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07/11/2018

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

FORMING THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

The present continuous of any verb is composed of two parts - the present tense of the verb to be + the present participle of the main verb.

(The form of the present participle is:

base+ing,
e.g. talking, playing, moving, smiling)

Affirmative
Subject + to be + base + ing
She is talking.

Negative
Subject + to be + not + base + ing
She is not (isn't) talking.

Interrogative
to be + subject + base + ing
Is she talking?

EXAMPLES:
TO GO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Affirmative
Negative Interrogative

I am going.
I am not going.
Am I going?

You are going.
You aren't going.
Are you going?

He, she, it is going He, she, it isn't going Is he, she, it going?

We are going .
We aren't going.
Are we going?

You are going.
You aren't going.
Are you going?

They are going.
They aren't going. Are they going?

Note: alternative negative contractions:

I'm not going,
you're not going, he's not going etc.

FUNCTIONS OF THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

As with all tenses in English, the speaker's attitude is as important as the time of the action or event. When someone uses the present continuous, they are thinking about something that is unfinished or incomplete

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS IS USED:
to describe an action that is going on at this moment:

You are using the Internet.

You are studying English grammar.

to describe an action that is going on during this period of time or a trend:
Are you still working for the same company?

More and more people are becoming vegetarian.

to describe an action or event in the future, which has already been planned or prepared:

We're going on holiday tomorrow.

I'm meeting my boyfriend tonight.

Are they visiting you next winter?

to describe a temporary event or situation:

He usually plays the drums, but he's playing bass guitar tonight.

The weather forecast was good, but it's raining at the moment.

with "always, forever, constantly", to describe and emphasise a continuing series of repeated actions:

Harry and Sally are always arguing!

You're constantly complaining about your mother-in-law!

BE CAREFUL!

Some verbs are not usually used in the continuous form

VERBS THAT ARE NOT USUALLY USED IN THE CONTINUOUS FORM
The verbs in the list below are normally used in the simple form because they refer to states, rather than actions or processes.

SENSES / PERCEPTION
to feel
to hear
to see
to smell
to taste

OPINION
to assume
to believe
to consider
to doubt
to feel (= to think)
to find (= to consider)
to suppose
to think

MENTAL STATES
to forget
to imagine
to know
to mean
to notice
to recognise
to remember
to understand

EMOTIONS / DESIRES
to envy
to fear
to dislike
to hate
to hope
to like
to love
to mind
to prefer
to regret
to want
to wish

MEASUREMENT
to contain
to cost
to hold
to measure
to weigh

OTHERS
to look (=resemble)
to seem
to be (in most cases)
to have (when it means "to possess")

EXCEPTIONS

Perception verbs (see, hear, feel, taste, smell) are often used with can: I can see...
These verbs may be used in the continuous form but with a different meaning

This coat feels nice and warm. (your perception of the coat's qualities).

John's feeling much better now (his health is improving).

She has three dogs and a cat. (possession).

She's having supper. (She's eating).

I can see Anthony in the garden (perception).

I'm seeing Anthony later (We are planning to meet).

06/11/2018

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SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The simple present tense is one of several forms of present tense in English.
It is used to describe habits, unchanging situations, general truths, and fixed arrangements. The simple present tense is simple to form.
Just use the base form of the verb: (I take, you take, we take, they take) The 3rd person singular takes an -s at the end. (he takes, she takes)

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE IS USED:

*To express habits, general truths, repeated actions or unchanging situations, emotions and wishes:
E.g
I smoke (habit); I work in London (unchanging situation);
London is a large city (general truth)

*To give instructions or directions:

E.g

You walk for two hundred meters, then you turn left.

*To express fixed arrangements, present or future:

E.g
Your exam starts at 09.00

*To express future time, after some conjunctions: after, when, before, as soon as, until:

E.g
He'll give it to you when you come next Saturday.
Be careful!

The simple present is not used to express actions happening now.

EXAMPLES
For habits

He drinks tea at breakfast.
She only eats fish.
They watch television regularly.

*For repeated actions or events

We catch the bus every morning.

It rains every afternoon in the hot season.

They drive to Monaco every summer.

*For general truths
Water freezes at zero degrees.

The Earth revolves around the Sun.

Her mother is Peruvian.

*For instructions or directions

Open the packet and pour the contents into hot water.

You take the No.6 bus to Watney and then the No.10 to Bedford.

*For fixed arrangements

His mother arrives tomorrow.
Our holiday starts on the 26th March
With future constructions.

She'll see you before she leaves.

We'll give it to her when she arrives.

FORMING THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE: TO THINK

Affirmative Interrogative Negative

I think .
Do I think?
I do not think.

You think.
Do you think?
You do not think.

He thinks .
Does he think?
He does not think.

She thinks.
Does she think?
She does not think.

It thinks.
Does it think?
It does not think.

We think.
Do we think?
We do not think.

They think.
Do they think?
They do not think.

NOTES ON THE SIMPLE PRESENT, THIRD PERSON SINGULAR

In the third person singular the verb always ends in -s:
he wants, she needs, he gives, she thinks.

Negative and question forms use DOES (= the third person of the auxiliary 'DO') + the infinitive of the verb.

He wants ice cream. Does he want strawberry?

He does not want vanilla.

Verbs ending in -y : the third person changes the -y to -ies:

fly --> flies, cry --> cries

Exception: if there is a vowel before the -y:
play --> plays, pray --> prays

Add -es to verbs ending in:-ss, -x, -sh, -ch:
he passes, she catches, he fixes, it pushes

EXAMPLES
He goes to school every morning.

She understands English.

It mixes the sand and the water.

He tries very hard.

She enjoys playing the piano.

Take advantage.☝🏿

🍎🍎🍎

Written by Inoque Mirembwe

18/07/2017

DARE and NEED as semi-modals.

Read these. Sentences:

"You dared not be seen".
" I needed to nip out ".

The first sentence indicates that the person did not have the courage to do something, while the second indicates that the person had to do something .Although these verbs have very different meanings ,they have something in common---both can be used in two ways:

----as ordinary verb they behave normally and are followed by an infinitive with to.
E.g.He dared to tell me I wasn't a good father.
James and Valerie don't need to worry about money.

------as modal auxiliary verbs they present special characteristics:

---They don't usually take the -s ending of the third person singular (simple present);
----They don't make the negatives and interrogatives with do.They are followed by bare infinitive.
E.g.I don't think he need leave his job.
You needn't worry about the children.
I want to say something but I daren't.
Need you say that again?

In practice DARE is not a very common verb in modern English; It is usually replaced by " not to be afraid " or "have the courage".

We use the expression " How dare (you)!" to express indignation.
E.g. How dare you speak to me like that!

EXERCISE

Rewrite the sentences below using NEED or DARE,making sure you get all the elements right (negative/interrogative forms and infinitives with or without to).Follow the example:
a) I am afraid to walk the dog in the park at night.-I DAREN'T WALK THE DOG IN THE PARK AT NIGHT.

1.It's still seven o'clock and the film starts at eight ,so don't worry.

2.Only james had the courage to disobey his father.

3.We are going Camping .Don't take your tent,because we have a caravan .

4.My mother always says no.I don't have the courage to ask her permission to spend the weekend with my friends.

Good Lucky

18/07/2017

WISH + PAST FORMS.

Read this sentence:

"I wish I had been at home more often."

The sentence indicates that the speaker regreats something ( not having been at home ),and wishes things had been different.

WISH is often used to express dissatisfaction with events,states or habits:

E.g.I wish it was raining.
I wish I had learned Spanish in School.

Although the fact referred to may be present ,the tense that follows WISH is always in the past:

E.g. I cannot drive (now).
I wish I could drive.

EXERCISE

Write sentences beginning with I WISH. follow the example.
a) I don't have brothers and sisters (I feel lonely). I WISH I HAD BROTHERS AND SISTERS.

1.I am going to a family party tonight (but I am very tired).

2.I don't know anything about engines (and my car has broken down).

3.It's very hot (I hate hot weather).

4.I have to study for a test and cannot go to the disco tonight (I love dancing).

5.Mother isn't at home (I need to borrow some money from her).

17/07/2017

EXPRESSION OF HABIT IN THE PAST--"USED TO".

Read these sentences :

"The man used to be the master of the house".

" They used to know when I was passing."

These sentences with "Used to+ infinitive" say that some time in the past men and the children did something habitually, but they don't do it now.

USED TO +INFINITIVE can only refer to past habits and states. To express the same idea of habit in the present the Simple Present is used.

E.g.Men used to be the breadwinners in the family.
Men and women go to work to Keep their families.

The normal question form is DID.......USE TO.
E.g. Did you use to help around the house?

The normal negative form is DID NOT USE TO.
E.g. Father didn't use to take us to school.

NOTE: Do not confuse USED TO with the verb use to(to employ,to put to use) or with to be or to get used to (to be or get accustomed to something).

E.g.We use this machine to measure the humidity in the air.

I am not used to going to bed so early.

17/07/2017

PRESENT PERFECT vs PAST PERFECT.

Consider these sentences from the taped text.
Your life as a student was different from what Betty has just told us.
I had met up again with my first boyfriend, and We decided to settle down.

In the first sentence the verb form indicates that the past experience is very recent ( the use of indifinite time adverbial "JUST " shows that the result of the action is still in the present) and is important at the time of speaking .The verb tense used is the PRESENT PERFECT.

In the Second sentence,the verb form indicates that what happened (Betty met her first boyfriend again),happened before another action in the past took place (Betty and her boyfriend decided to get married). The tense used is the PAST PERFECT.

We use the PRESENT PERFECT:
----to talk about recent past experiences important at the end of speaking.
E.g. I have finished the book. you can have it now.

-----to talk about general past experiences that happened at an indifinite time which is not important. indifinite time adverbials are often used: ever,yet,never ,already, just, recenctly, before.
E.g.I have never been to Australia, but I have visited New Zealand.

We use the PAST PERFECT:
----to talk about something in the past which happened before another action in the past to show which of the two past actions happened first.

EXERCISE

Use the PRESENT PERFECT,PAST PERFECT, and SIMPLE PAST to complete the following text.

Since she finished her degree,Julie.......... never (see) any of her school friends. But last week she.......(meet) her roommate Kathy.
"....,..you(see) anyone from St.Andrews lately?",......... (ask) Julie.
" Yes,I.......(see) Maggie a lot lately. You wouldn't believe how she....... (change)!
She tols me she........(put) on twenty extra pounds and .........just (start) a very strict diet. But she cannot say no to cakes. So I'm trying to help her. I ring her every evening and she tells me what she......... (eat) that day!"

Good Lucky.

16/07/2017

WHEN vs IF

compare these sentences:

1-Both grannies expect a high standard of behaviour when Oliver visits them.

2-If children watch their parents saying thank you they will say it.

In the first sentence "WHEN" is used because we are sure that something will happen .(Oliver will visit his grannies).

In the second "IF" means that we are not sure that something will happen.(perhaps children will watch their parents, perhaps they won't).

---WHEN is used to indicate that we are sure that something will happen.

----we use IF for things we are not sure will happen.

----when we talk about general truths,we can use IF or WHEN (ever) without much difference of meaning.
E.g. I feel terrible if\when(ever) i don't get 8 hours' sleep a night.


EXERCISE

complete the sentences with IF or WHEN.

1."I'll do my homework----------I finish dinner" .said Oliver.

2."Mathew,-----------you go to bed after me, could you switch off the lights ,please? asked his mother.

3........Jonathan behaves well at his granny's ,his mother buys him a story book.

4.Lowri and Zoe are always very polite ---------they visit their friends.

5."Steven,-------you do that again,I will punish you."

6."I am going home now-------I get there I'll phone you."

Good Lucky

Written by Inoque Mirembwe

13/05/2016

Read the following sententes...
Marco's mother died when he was six.
Julia's grandmother was living in Germany when the war started.
The two sentences refer to things that happened in the past,but they carry different meanings:
-something happened to Marco's mother l,at a specific time in the past.That action is complete and finished.The verb tense used is the Simple Past.
-Julia's grandmother's activity was in progress for some time in the past(living in Germany),when a shorter completed action took place(the war began).The verb tense used is the Past Continuous.
We use the Simple past to talk about events:
-that took place at a specific time in the past;
-that are complete and finished.
We use the Past Continuous to talk about activities:
-that were in progress for some time in the past;
-that were the background during which a shorter finished action(Simple Past) took place.
Note that unlike the Simple Past,the Past Continuous gives no indication of whether the action is finished or not.

written by Inoque Mirembue.

13/05/2016

PRESENT CONTINUOUS.
We use present continuous to talk about:

1)Something which is in progress at the moment of speaking.
-something which is in progress around the present,but not necesssarily at the moment of speaking.
E.g.Phil is spending a lot of money.
2)Something which is in progress for a limited period around the present.
E.g.Christina is staying with her grandmother in Brighton for a week.
3)Situations which are changing or developing around the present.
E.g.Phil is improving his French.
4)Something that we have already arranged or planned to do in the future.
E.g.Christina is visiting some friends in Scotland next weekend.

08/01/2016

Question Marks
Rule 1. Use a question mark only after a direct
question.
Correct: Will you go with me?
Incorrect: I'm asking if you will go with me?
Rule 2a. A question mark replaces a period at
the end of a sentence.
Incorrect: Will you go with me?.
Rule 2b. Because of Rule 2a, capitalize the
word that follows a question mark.
Some writers choose to overlook this rule in
special cases.
Example: Will you go with me? with Joe? with
anyone?
Rule 3a. Avoid the common trap of using
question marks with indirect questions, which
are statements that contain questions. Use a
period after an indirect question.
Incorrect: I wonder if he would go with me?
Correct:
I wonder if he would go with me.
OR
I wonder: Would he go with me?
Rule 3b. Some sentences are statements—or
demands—in the form of a question. They are
called rhetorical questions because they don't
require or expect an answer. Many should be
written without question marks.
Examples:
Why don't you take a break.
Would you kids knock it off.
What wouldn't I do for you!
Rule 4. Use a question mark when a sentence
is half statement and half question.
Example: You do care, don't you?
Rule 5. The placement of question marks with
quotation marks follows logic. If a question is
within the quoted material, a question mark
should be placed inside the quotation marks.
Examples:
She asked, "Will you still be my friend?"
The question is part of the quotation.
Do you agree with the saying, "All's fair in love
and war"?
The question is outside the quotation.

08/01/2016

Exclamation Points
Rule 1. Use an exclamation point to show
emotion, emphasis, or surprise.
Examples:
I'm truly shocked by your behavior!
Yay! We won!
Rule 2. An exclamation point replaces a
period at the end of a sentence.
Incorrect: I'm truly shocked by your
behavior!.
Rule 3. Do not use an exclamation point in
formal business writing.
Rule 4. Overuse of exclamation points is a
sign of undisciplined writing. Do not use
even one of these marks unless you're
convinced it is justified.

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