05/05/2025
VIETNAM MACRO NOTE - LABOR MARKET REMAINS STABLE BUT UNCERTAINTY LIES AHEAD
- The labor force grew YoY despite slipping from the peak recorded in Q4 2024. According to the General Statistics Office (GSO), Vietnamโs labor force is estimated at 52.9 million, a decline of 230,700 people or -0.4% QoQ, yet an increase of around 532,000 people or +1.0% YoY.
- The services sector continued leading in job creation. Total employment reached 51.9 million, a decrease of approximately 234,000 people or -0.4% QoQ, but an increase of 532,100 people or +1.0% YoY. Of the total employment, employment in the services sector rose to 21.1 million (+100,200 QoQ & 574,400 YoY), the industry and construction sector employed 17.3 million people (-287,100 QoQ & + 262,600 YoY), while the agriculture, forestry & fishery sector declined to 13.5 million employees (-47,100 QoQ & -304,900 YoY).
- Informal employment continued increasing while formal employment fell. In Q1 2025, the number of informal employment increased by around 200,000 people QoQ to 33.4 million (+123,800 YoY) while the number of formal employment declined by around 433,900 people QoQ to 18.5 million (+408,400 YoY). As a result, the informal employment rate/total employment rose 0.7% QoQ to 64.3% (-0.5% YoY).
- The unemployment rate was little changed. In Q1 2025, unemployment and underemployment were 1.07 million and 870,900 people, respectively, with the unemployment rate standing at 2.02% (+0.01 pts QoQ & -0.02 pts YoY) and the underemployment rate was at 1.68% (+0.04 pts QoQ & -0.34 pts YoY).
- The income of all sectors continued to improve. Average income rose 1.6% QoQ and 9.5% YoY to VND8.3mn/month in Q1 2025. Among all sectors, the services sector remained the highest paying at VND9.9mn/month (+1.7% QoQ; +9.2% YoY). Meanwhile, the average income of the industrial & construction sector and the agriculture, forestry & fishery sector were VND9.1mn/month (+1.4% QoQ; +8.2% YoY) and VND4.9mn/month (+1.3% QoQ; +9.5% YoY), respectively.
- Business exits outpaced entries. In Q1 2025, there were 75,369 firms (+24.5% QoQ) joining the market, including newly established enterprises and enterprises resuming operations. However, 78,011 enterprises (+47.2% QoQ) exited the market resulting in a net exit of 2,642 enterprises vs a net exit of 14,130 enterprises in Q1 2024.
- The streamlining of the State apparatus, including the merger of central ministries and agencies and the consolidation of provinces will lead to a large number of layoffs. The Minister of Home Affairs estimated that around 100,000 Government employees could be affected by the merger of central ministries. In addition, the Minister noted that the consolidation of provinces could lift this figure to 200,000 or more. Therefore, from now until September 15 (the expected date for the newly merged provinces to become operational), the number of people exiting the public sector could negatively affect the labor force, as many people may not be able to transition into private sector employment.
- The US reciprocal tariff could negatively impact the labor market if negotiation outcomes fall short of expectations. According to the US announcement on April 2, Vietnamese goods are subject to a 46% reciprocal tariff from the US, its largest export partner, accounting for 30% of Vietnamโs total exports in 2024. Vietnam should negotiate during the 90-day pause to bring the tariff to the lowest level or around the level to be applied to its competitors. In Q2, widespread layoffs are unlikely given that US companies could accelerate purchases from Vietnam during the 90-day window. However, the greater risk lies in Q3 โ if negotiations between Vietnam and the US fail to deliver a favorable outcome, firms could begin laying off workers due to declining orders from the US.
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