03/13/2026
The 4% Rule: A Helpful Guideline… But Not the Whole Plan
Many people nearing retirement have heard of the 4% rule.
The basic idea is simple: withdraw 4% of your retirement savings in the first year, and then increase that amount each year to keep up with inflation.
Historically, this approach was designed to help a portfolio last around 30 years.
The research behind it came from financial planner William Bengen, and it has served as a helpful starting point for thinking about retirement income.
But real life is rarely that simple.
One of the biggest challenges is something called sequence of returns risk. If the market drops early in retirement while you are taking withdrawals, the combination of losses and spending can put real pressure on a portfolio.
Another thing to consider is that spending in retirement rarely stays the same every year. Many people spend more in the early years while they are active, less in the middle years, and then more again later as healthcare expenses increase.
And of course, many people today may need their retirement income to last longer than 30 years.
Because of this, many planners today see the 4% rule as a guideline, not a complete strategy.
In practice, retirement income planning often works better when a few different ideas come together. That might include:
• Adjusting withdrawals when markets are up or down
• Structuring investments in time-based “buckets”
• Being thoughtful about taxes when drawing income
• Creating reliable income sources that aren’t dependent on the market
One tool that can play an important role here is an income annuity.
When used appropriately, an income annuity can provide guaranteed income for life, helping cover core expenses like housing, food, or utilities. That can take some pressure off an investment portfolio, especially during market downturns.
By pairing reliable income sources — like Social Security and income annuities — with investment assets, retirees can often create a more stable and sustainable income plan.
Researchers like Wade Pfau have written extensively about how combining strategies often leads to better retirement outcomes than relying on a single rule.
In the end, the real question may not be:
“What percentage should I withdraw?”
But rather:
“How can I structure my income so my money lasts as long as I do?”
Because retirement planning isn’t just about building a portfolio.
It’s about creating income that supports the life you want to live.